R&D expenditures by field of science and GDP: Which causes which in Canada?
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS LETTERS, vol.8, no.1, pp.31-40, 2019 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 8 Issue: 1
- Publication Date: 2019
- Doi Number: 10.17811/ebl.8.1.2019.31-40
- Journal Name: ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS LETTERS
- Journal Indexes: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus
- Page Numbers: pp.31-40
- Süleyman Demirel University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
This paper attempts to reveal the relationship between GDP per capita and R&D expenditure per capita, R&D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering, and R&D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities for Canada. Based on data from 1981 to 2014, bootstrap causality test proposed by Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) show that there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R&D expenditure per capita, and a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R&D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering. However, no causal relationship is observed between R&D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities and GDP per capita. These results may point an indirect relationship between the variables or the validity of R&D paradox and the European paradox for Canada.