Tetrazole-based fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of Cu2+: photoluminescence, biological activity, DNA/BSA interaction, and theoretical insights
Results in Chemistry, cilt.20, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 20
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102992
- Dergi Adı: Results in Chemistry
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Biological activity, Copper, DFT, Fluorescent sensor, Metal ion detection, Tetrazole
- Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Tetrazoles (TZs), a unique class of nitrogen-rich heterocycles, possess a versatile aromatic ring structure capable of strong coordination with metal ions. In this work, we investigate the chemosensory, biological, and computational characteristics of 1,4-Di(tetrazole-5-yl)butane ( DTB ), a tetrazole-based fluorescent probe. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that DTB exhibits pronounced sensitivity and selectivity toward copper ions, with a significant quenching effect on its photoluminescence (PL) intensity. Among a broad panel of tested metal ions, Cu2+ showed the highest quenching efficiency, with an LOD of 3.03 × 10−6 M, highlighting DTB 's potential as a high-performance Cu2+ sensor for environmental and biological monitoring. In addition to its sensing capabilities, DTB 's biological activity was assessed via MTT cytotoxicity assay and fluorescence-based interaction studies with DNA and BSA. Molecular docking simulations supported these findings, providing insights into the binding modes and affinity. Furthermore, DFT insights were employed to predict the electronic structure and interaction mechanism of DTB with Cu2+, reinforcing the experimental observations. Overall, this multidisciplinary investigation establishes DTB as a promising multifunctional platform for metal ion detection and biointeraction analysis, bridging experimental and theoretical chemistry for advanced sensor development.