Effect of port-injected hydrogen on performance, emissions, and operating costs in a propane-fueled SI engine under lean-burn conditions
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, cilt.177, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 177
- Basım Tarihi: 2025
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151538
- Dergi Adı: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, PASCAL, Artic & Antarctic Regions, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, Environment Index, INSPEC
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Performance, Port H2 injection, Propane-fueled SI engine, Total operating cost
- Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Hydrogen has gained significant attention as a clean alternative fuel due to its high reactivity, zero carbon emissions, and potential to enhance combustion efficiency in internal combustion engines. Its integration into existing engine technologies provides a promising pathway to reduce fossil fuel dependency and mitigate environmental impacts. This study experimentally investigates the effects of port-injected hydrogen on the engine performance, emissions and operating cost of a propane-fueled spark-ignition (SI) engine across equivalence ratios ranging from stoichiometric to lean mixture conditions (λ = 1.0–1.4), under 2600 rpm and wide-open throttle. The results show that hydrogen addition enhances brake engine power (BEP) and thermal efficiency (ηt), while reducing brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions particularly under lean conditions. Notably, BEP increased by up to 79 % at λ = 1.4, and ηt improved by 34.5 % at λ = 1.3, with the optimal hydrogen flow rate of 19 L/min. HC emissions decreased up to 12.16 times at λ = 1.4, while NOx emissions increased due to higher combustion temperatures. Although combustion efficiency (ηc) improved with H2 addition, especially at λ = 1.3–1.4, the effect on volumetric efficiency (ηv) was negative due to gaseous fuel displacement. Despite significant reductions in specific eco-cost and fuel cost at λ = 1.4 with 19 slpm H2, the overall operating cost (OC) remained 11.58 % higher than the lowest value observed at λ = 1.1 under pure propane operation, mainly due to hydrogen's higher retail price. These findings highlight that hydrogen can substantially improve engine performance and combustion efficiency under lean-burn conditions and offer eco-environmental and cost benefits when optimally integrated into dual-fuel systems.