Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Novel Styrylquinolinium Iodide Bearing a Naphthalene Moiety
Crystals, vol.16, no.2, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 16 Issue: 2
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.3390/cryst16020115
- Journal Name: Crystals
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Keywords: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, crystal structure, styrylquinolinium salts, synthesis
- Süleyman Demirel University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
The use of styrylium dyes as organic nonlinear optical materials in many photonics domains has been the subject of research for decades. It has been noted that over time, research has also looked into the biological activity of styrylium dyes, namely their antibacterial effects, as well as attempts to establish links between structure and property by choosing particular structural pieces. These investigations’ scope is still very limited. Therefore, our main goal was to synthesize a styrylium compound with antimicrobial potential. A novel styrylquinolinium compound (D) was synthesized using Knoevenagel condensation. Spectroscopic techniques, including IR, 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), HRMS spectra, and X-ray analysis, were used to confirm its structure. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of the compound was assessed. The compound was found to have very good antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive strains, three Gram-negative strains, and fungi. The most pronounced effect of the compound was against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compound’s anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through its ex vivo immunohistochemistry. DFT calculations, such as geometry optimization, Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), HOMO–LUMO, reactivity parameters and molecular docking simulation were applied to investigate the electronic features of the compound and confirm the biological activity. The compound (D) demonstrated a promising antibacterial and immunomodulatory profile. Its ability to induce IL-1β and at the same time moderately reduce NOS3 can be considered as a controlled adaptation of the immune response, especially in cases requiring local immune activation. Docking simulation revealed that (D) binds effectively to the active site of the bacterial protein, supporting the experimental findings of the compound’s antibacterial activity.